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| boston harbor, weight loss, problems, fat girls , treats cellulite, joint pain, downeast, fat, arms, inflatable, leptin, dr. coleman, triton, | One of the more radical research findings in fat biology marino suggests marino that fat cells are actually cousins of macrophages. It appears that very young fat cells (called pre-adipocytes) can be transformed into TNF-spewing macrophages, rather than maturing into normal adipocytes. A group of French researchers discovered that pre-adipocytes become macrophages when prompted to do so by cytokines. Their finding is another example of the dynamic complexity of fat. Fat cells are intimately connected to and sometimes interchangeable with cells of the immune system. They both create and react to marino a wide range of hormones and mediators. Fat can be thought of as part of the immune system and part of the endocrine (hormone) system. TNF, in fact, is both a cytokine (a mediator produced by macrophages) and an adipokine (a hormone produced by fat cells). Whatever its source, TNF and its inflammatory relatives can wreak havoc with our fat-storage-and-management systems. |
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| Fatty tissue can be laden with TNF-producing macrophages. In some animal studies, over 40% to 50% of cells found in adipose tissue were macrophages. What are all these macrophages doing in a person’s layers of fat? Biologists don’t yet have all the answers, but one theory is that the bloated fat cells of people who are overweight actually leak or break open. Macrophages are then mobilized from the blood to problems move into the leaky fat tissue and clean up the mess. problems Once problems embedded in adipose tissue, macrophages begin spewing out inflammatory chemicals, especially TNF and a related mediator called Interleukin-6 (IL-6). Chemical mediators like TNF and IL-6 produced by white blood cells are called cytokines, because they increase the activity of white blood cells. (Cyto- is Greek for "cell" and kinesis means "movement or activity". Adipokines are cytokine-like chemicals produced by fat cells). Attracted by the cytokines in fatty tissue, more white blood cells move in to assist in mopping-up, releasing more cytokines and increasing the level of inflammation. |
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